Dammar varnish(Dam) is a varnish made by dissolving dammar gum in turpentine.

Damar gum is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and East Asia.

It was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826.

Copal varnish(Cop) is a varnish produced by boiling ground copal stone in linseed oil at high temperatures.

Copal is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more viscous resins and Amber. Amber is fossil resin or tree sap that although not mineralized，it is sometimes considered a gemstone.

Copal varnish was first used in the late middle ages.

Turpentine(Turp) is the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees，particularly those of the genus Pinus.

The molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₆.

It is mainly used as a solvent and has been produced since antiquity.

Clear shellac(Shell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Ethanol(Eth) is ethyl alcohol，the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

The molecular formula is C₂H₅OH.

Mars noir(Feo) is an iron oxide pigment，with high lightfastness.

The molecular formula is Fe₃O₄.

It was developed in the 20th century.

Egg yolk(Egy) is yolk from a henn's egg. It can act as binder for pigments.

The characteristics of egg tempera are very unique. It requires a different technique than gouache or oil. 'Brush load' -meaning the amount of paint suspended in the brush when going from the recipient to the painting，is an important aspect of developing feel for the handling of tempera. It requires premeditated and accurate handling and is therefore less suited for expressive gesture. The finished look is incomparable to any other medium. The resulting paintwork is very brittle and must therefore be covered with some type of varnish for protection.

Egg yolk has been used as a binder since the earliest times.

Distilled water(H₂O) is useful whenever water must be added to any mixture，it is much cleaner and makes for a smoother mixture than tap water or drinking water.

Vinegar(Vi) is comprised of acetic acid and water，and is an very clean，crisp liquid. Acetic acid is the result of a fermentation process.

The molecular formula is CH₃COOH.

Cadmium Lemon(Lem) is the inorganic pigment that is a sulfide of the metal cadmium.

The molecular formula is CdS.

The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists.

Ultramarin(Ultr) is a deep blue color pigment originally made from the mineral lapis lazuli. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

Before this time，the manufacture of ultramarine was a very laborious process. This process consisted of mixing the ground material with melted wax，resins，and oils，wrapping the resulting mass in a cloth，and then kneading it in a dilute lye solution.

It was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Sienna pale(Sic) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state，it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Mars rouge(Reo) is a synthetically prepared red iron oxide pigment.

The molecular formula is Fe₂O₃.

By the 18th century，synthetic red iron oxide pigments were being made in a laboratory setting. Called Mars Red，these pigments were found to have all the properties，including durability and permanence，of their natural counterparts.

Ocre brun(Ocb) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

The molecular formula is FeO(OH).

It has been in use since the earliest time.

Prussian blue(Prbl) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts.

It has the molecular formula FeIII₄[FeII(CN)₆]₃.

Prussian blue was the first modern synthetic pigment.

Blue clair perm(Pcbl) is a phthalocyanine derivative.

Phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) is a large，aromatic，macrocyclic，organic compound with the formula (C₈H₄N₂)₄H₂.

Phthalocyanine was first synthesized in 1933.

Titanium white(Tit) is the most brilliant white available to artists in the entire history of art.

The molecular formula is TiO₂.

The pigments natural ore is rutile (titanium dioxide) and manufacturing it as a pigment presented difficulties and it was not until 1921 that American and Norwegian companies began to develop its production for painting.

Blue oxide(Oxbl) is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt oxide with Aluminum Oxide.

Chemically，cobalt blue pigment is cobalt oxide-aluminium oxide，or cobalt aluminate，CoAl₂O₄.

It is extremely stable and historically，has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics，jewelry，and paint.

Carbon(Carb) is powdered charcoal.

Mostly it is made from young vines baked in the absence of air.

Charcoal has been used forever.

Bleu perm fonce(Bpf) is a phthalocyanine derivative.

Phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) is a large，aromatic，macrocyclic，organic compound with the formula (C₈H₄N₂)₄H₂.

Phthalocyanine was first synthesized in 1933.

Azurite blue(Azbl) is composed of mineral basic carbonate of copper，found in many parts of the world in the upper oxidized portions of copper ore deposits. Azurite mineral is usually associated in nature with malachite，the green basic carbonate of copper that is far more abundant.

It has the formula Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂，with the copper(II) cations linked to two different anions，carbonate and hydroxide.

Azurite was the most important blue pigment in European painting from the fifteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century.

Terra rossa(Tr) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Burnt umber (lefebvre)(Bu) is a brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.

It is made by heating raw umber，which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite.

The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650.

Marble dust(Marb) is powder from metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals，most commonly calcite or dolomite

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Hide glue(Size) is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive.

Size is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide.

The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC.

Plaster(Plast) is produced by heating gypsum.

The molecular formula is CaSO₄.

It is commonly used for plaster casting.