list of materials

Acrylic varnish(Acrl) is a fast-drying varnish made of acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers，silicon oils，defoamers，stabilizers，metal soaps.

Acrylic acid has the chemical formula of CH₂CHCOOH. So，it is a 3-carbon compound starting with a carboxylic acid and between carbons 2 and 3 is a double bond.

Brush cleaner solvent(Afo) is a supposedly environmentally friendly cleaning solvent for brushes mixed with soap.

It contains fatty alcohol etoxylates and soap.

Brush cleaner soap(Afp) is a phosphate free，supposedly environmentally friendly cleaning soap for brushes.

It contains soap，dipentenes and lemon essence.

Aleppo gall nuts(Alep) are hard nutlike galls that form on the Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria) in response to the developing larva of a gall wasp. They are used as a source of gallic acid and tannin.

Tannic acids are organic compounds that contain a 3，4，5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Gallic acid exists as a solid，slightly soluble (in water)，and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).

Have been harvested for thousands of years as a concentrated source of tannins for use in high-quality inks，in medicine，etc.

Alizarin crimson(Aliz) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Alizarin Crimson Lake Extra'.

color index: PV19-PR177-PBR23.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Aluminium salt(Alum) is an aluminum based salt crystal readily available in drug stores.

Alum is a type of chemical compound，usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula XAl(SO₄)₂·12 H₂O.

Alum was the most common mordant used in the dye industry in the middle ages.

Ammonia(Amo) is the most widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured，electrically conductive solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these remarkable solutions，much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions.

The molecular formula is NH₃.

This is a commonly available product.

Azurite blue(Azbl) is composed of mineral basic carbonate of copper，found in many parts of the world in the upper oxidized portions of copper ore deposits. Azurite mineral is usually associated in nature with malachite，the green basic carbonate of copper that is far more abundant.

It has the formula Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂，with the copper(II) cations linked to two different anions，carbonate and hydroxide.

Azurite was the most important blue pigment in European painting from the fifteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century.

Bleached flaxseed oil(Bflax) is made by exposing raw，cold-pressed linseed oil to sunlight in shallow tanks covered with clear glass for a period of more than one month.

Is is less prone to yellowing because of this process.

It was used by painters from the late middle ages on.

Bees wax(Bee) is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees.

It is composed mainly by esters of fatty acids and various long chain alcohols.

This is a commonly available product.

Bic blue pen ink(Bic) is normally used to refill ink pens.

It is manufactured by the company Bic. Opposed to pigments，dyes are colored substances that chemically bond to the substrate to which it is being applied.

This is a commonly available product in stores.

Bister(Bis) is a pigment made from the soot and tar of burnt wood or shellac or the ground bark of walnuts and gum arabic. Bister comes from French from the word 'bistre' which stands for brown，hazelnut，dark brown or chocolate brown.



The disadvantage is the non-lightfastness of this material，which easily dissolves in water. The more water used，the lighter the drawing. Drawings made in bister gradually disappear when exposed to sunlight.

Brun molybdene(Bmo) is an inorganic dark pigment.

It is made from molybdenum，which is a silvery-white metal that is ductile and highly resistant to corrosion.

Molybdenum pigments are made since the 20th century.

Bone glue(Bone) is a dry，pearl shaped substance made from bones. The glue is very strong.



It was used by carpenters mainly for glueing wood.

Block printing black(Bpb) is a water-based，thick paint used specially for printing blocks.

Bleu perm fonce(Bpf) is a phthalocyanine derivative.

Phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) is a large，aromatic，macrocyclic，organic compound with the formula (C₈H₄N₂)₄H₂.

Phthalocyanine was first synthesized in 1933.

Brick(Br) is a pigment made of ground bricks.

Bricks are basically baked clay containing silica，alumina，lime，iron oxide and magnesia.

Baked earths have been used forever.

Burnt umber (lefebvre)(Bu) is a brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.

It is made by heating raw umber，which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite.

The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650.

Burnt umber (le lion)(Bul) is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.

It is made by heating raw umber，which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite.

The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650.

Caput mortuum(Cam) also known as cardinal purple，is the name given to a purple variety of haematite iron oxide pigment.



The name for this pigment may have come from the alchemical usage，since iron oxide (rust) is the useless residue (caput mortuum) of oxidization. It was originally a byproduct of sulfuric acid manufacture during the 17th and 18th centuries，and was possibly an early form of the copperas process used for the manufacture of Venetian red and copperas red.

Carbon(Carb) is powdered charcoal.

Mostly it is made from young vines baked in the absence of air.

Charcoal has been used forever.

Cement(Cem) is a binder，a substance used for construction that sets，hardens，and adheres to other materials to bind them together.

It is a mixture of calcium oxide，silicon dioxide，aluminium oxide，ferric oxide and sulfur oxide.

Some form of cement was known since antiquitiy，but modern day cement dates back to the 18th century.

Cerulean blue imitation(Ceri) is a form of Phthalocyanine Blue，a bright，crystalline，synthetic pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes.

The chemical name is (29H，31H-phthalocyaninato(2−)-N29，N30，N31，N32)copper(II) .

The discovery of metal phthalocyanines can be traced to the observation of intensely colored byproducts from reactions of benzene-1，2-dicarboxylic acid or its derivatives with sources of nitrogen and metals. CuPc was first prepared in 1927 by the reaction of copper(I) cyanide and o-dibromobenzene.

Cerulean blue(Cero) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Cerulean Blue'.

Contains oxides of cobalt and tin. color index: PB35.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Champaign chalk(Cham) is a soft，white，porous，sedimentary carbonate rock，a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It has a slightly yellowish tint，hence the name.

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Vert chrome(Chgr) is one of the oxides of chromium.

It's an inorganic compound with the formula Cr₂O₃.

Because of its considerable stability，it is a commonly used pigment. It was originally called viridian.

Orange chrome(Cho) is a mixed oxide of lead and chrome. It can be made by treating a lead salt with an alkaline solution of a chromate or by treating chrome yellow with strongly basic solution.

The molecular formula Pb₂CrO₅.

In 1797 a French scientist Louis Vauquelin discovered the mineral crocoite，or lead chromate，which led in 1809 to the invention of the synthetic pigment chrome orange.

Kalk rood(Chr) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'chaux rouge' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Clove oil(Clov) is an essential oil extracted from the clove plant.

It is used as a drying retardant in oil paints.

Copal varnish(Cop) is a varnish produced by boiling ground copal stone in linseed oil at high temperatures.

Copal is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more viscous resins and Amber. Amber is fossil resin or tree sap that although not mineralized，it is sometimes considered a gemstone.

Copal varnish was first used in the late middle ages.

Copper(Cper) Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft，malleable，and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color.

Cadmium red(Cred) is the inorganic pigment that is a solid solution of cadmium sulfite and cadmium selenide.

The molecular formula are Cds and CdSe.

The general commercial availability of cadmium derivatives from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists.

Cadmium red maimeriblu(Crem) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Maimeriblu called 'cadmium red'.

Reference: WMB12226.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Dammar gum(Dag) is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and Southeast Asia.



It was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826.

Dammar varnish(Dam) is a varnish made by dissolving dammar gum in turpentine.

Damar gum is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and East Asia.

It was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826.

Scheveningen blue deep(Dbl) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Scheveningen blue deep'.

color index: PB15.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Derwent 62 red pencil(Dw62) is a studio pencil with a reddisch color.



It is widely available.

Green deep(Dgr) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Permanent green deep'.

color index: PW4-PY3-PB29-PG7.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Cadmium lemon dark(Dlem) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Maimeriblu called 'cadmium yellow lemon'.

Reference: PY35.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Drawing gum(Drag) is a removable liquid for temporarily masking parts of a painting or drawing.



This is a commonly available product.

Scheveningen red deep(Dred) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Scheveningen red deep'.

color index: PV19-PR177-PBR23.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Scheveningen rose deep(Drose) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Scheveningen rose deep'.

color index: PV19.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Drying oil(Dryo) is a fast drying form of linseed oil.

It contains essence of petroleum.

East india ink(Eai) is a simple black or colored ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing and outlining.

The ink is composed of a variety of fine soot，known as lampblack，combined with water to form a liquid. No binder material is necessary.

The process of making India ink was known in China as early as the middle of the 3rd millennium BC，in Neolithic China.

Ecoline yellow(Ecoy) is an ecoline manufactured by Talens called 'Pastel yellow'.

Vert emeralde(Egr) is a pigment made by mixing and heating copper verdigris with vinegar and white arsenic.

Unfortunately，it is also chemically not stable.

It was first commercially produced in Schweinfurt，Germany in 1814.

Egg yolk(Egy) is yolk from a henn's egg. It can act as binder for pigments.

The characteristics of egg tempera are very unique. It requires a different technique than gouache or oil. 'Brush load' -meaning the amount of paint suspended in the brush when going from the recipient to the painting，is an important aspect of developing feel for the handling of tempera. It requires premeditated and accurate handling and is therefore less suited for expressive gesture. The finished look is incomparable to any other medium. The resulting paintwork is very brittle and must therefore be covered with some type of varnish for protection.

Egg yolk has been used as a binder since the earliest times.

Ethanol(Eth) is ethyl alcohol，the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

The molecular formula is C₂H₅OH.

Euro coins(Eur) of 1，2 and 5 are used for oxidation in vinegar to create a brown color.

They consist of 89% copper，5% aluminium，5% zinc and 1% tin.

Bright cadmium red(Fcred) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Maimeriblu called 'cadmium Red Orange'.

Reference: MBLT224.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Mars noir(Feo) is an iron oxide pigment，with high lightfastness.

The molecular formula is Fe₃O₄.

It was developed in the 20th century.

Fish glue (flakes)(Fish) is a traditional woodworking glue with a strong bond that dries crystal-hard.

It is made from fish blatters.

It was widely used by carpenters and bookbinders in the past.

Flaxseed oil(Flax) is a colorless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried，ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). The oil is obtained by pressing，sometimes followed by solvent extraction.

Linseed oil is a drying oil，meaning it can polymerize into a solid form by chemically binding with oxygen in the air.

It is used by painters since the 13th century and perhaps even earlier.

Gall nuts(Gal) are hard nutlike galls that forms on varieties of oak (Quercus cocinea a.o.) in response to the developing larva of a gall wasp. It is used as a source of gallic acid and tannin. It differs slightly from Aleppo galls found in Asia and southern Europe but serves the same purpose.

Tannic acids are organic compounds that contain a 3，4，5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Gallic acid exists as a solid，slightly soluble (in water)，and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).

Has been harvested for thousands of years as a concentrated source of tannins for use in high-quality inks，in medicine，etc.

Asphaltum(Gil) is a naturally occurring soluble solid hydrocarbon，a form of asphalt (or bitumen) with a relatively high melting temperature.



Gilsonite was discovered in the 1860s. By 1888 Samuel H. Gilson had started a company to mine the substance.

Glair(Gla) is egg white beaten into a froth and allowed to settle. The beating somehow alters the viscosity and makes the substance flow.

The molecular formula is Ca(OH₃)

Glair was used extensively in medieval manuscripts for ornamentation.

Glycerin(Gly) is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless，odorless，viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.

Glycerol is generally obtained from plant and animal sources where it occurs in triglycerides，esters of glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis，saponification，or transesterification of these triglycerides produces glycerol as well as the fatty acid derivative.

Vert brux(Grbx) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Vert bruxelles' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Vert lion(Grl) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Vert le lion' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Gravel(Grvl) is used in a concrete mixture along with sand and cement.

Green vitriol(Gvit) is often used as a moss killer in gardening.

The molecular formula is FeSO₄.

It can be used in combination with tannic acid from gall nuts to create a black ink. This form of ink was widely used in Europe in the middle ages.

Distilled water(H₂O) is useful whenever water must be added to any mixture，it is much cleaner and makes for a smoother mixture than tap water or drinking water.

Hydrogen peroxide(Hyp) is a mild antiseptic.

The molecular formula is H₂O₂.

This is a commonly available product.

Kaolin(Kao) is a clay mineral，part of the group of industrial minerals with the molecular formula Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.



Porcelain is made from kaolin.

Cadmium Lemon(Lem) is the inorganic pigment that is a sulfide of the metal cadmium.

The molecular formula is CdS.

The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists.

Fish glue (liquid)(Lfsh) is a traditional bookbinding glue with a strong bond.

It is made from fish blatters.

It was widely used by carpenters and bookbinders in the past.

Calcium hydroxide(Lime) is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Ca(OH)₂. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed，or slaked with water.

The molecular formula is Ca(OH)₂.

Lamour black covering varnish(Lmc) is a hard，opaque，shiny liquid.

is made from bitumen and turpentine. It is especially recommended for the Aquatint technique. Like etching，aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique，but is used to create tonal effects rather than lines. Essentially this is a variation of etching varnish.

Lamour Black Satin Varnish(Lms) is a hard，fast-drying varnish made from bitumen.

It is mainly used for etching，where a varnished metal plate is carved and then exposed to acid to create a design that can be reproduced.

Madder(Mad) is a herbaceous perennial plant species belonging to the bedstraw and coffee family Rubiaceae.

The botanical name is rubia tinctorum.

The roots can yeild a strong，permanent deep red color used in dyes and lakes. In order to draw out the red color，alum is often used.

Marble dust(Marb) is powder from metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals，most commonly calcite or dolomite

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Moth balls(Moth) are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.

They can be used when storing your your marter brushes，which are susceptible to moths.

Salt(Nac) is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Baking soda(Nah) is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.

Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline，but often appears as a fine powder.

Bleached walnut oil(Nut) is oil extracted from walnuts，Juglans regia.

It is a drying oil，meaning it can polymerize into a solid form by chemically binding with oxygen in the air.

It is used by painters since the 13th century and perhaps even earlier.

Ocre brun(Ocb) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

The molecular formula is FeO(OH).

It has been in use since the earliest time.

Ocre rouge(Ocr) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. It takes its reddish color from the mineral hematite，which is an anhydrous iron oxide.

The molecular formula is Fe₂O₃.

It has been in use since the earliest time.

Ocre jaune(Ocy) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

The molecular formula is FeO(OH).

It has been in use since the earliest time.

Old Holland glossy painting varnish(Omg)

is made from natural or synthetic resins，which we dissolve in volatile thinners. The exact composition is known only to the manufacturer.

Orange molybdene(Omo) is an inorganic orange pigment.

It contains lead molybdate，lead chromate and lead sulfate. It is brightly colored and has a full-color spectrum，with light and thermal stability.

Molybdenum pigments are made since the 20th century.

Old Holland matt painting varnish(Omt)

is made from natural or synthetic resins，which we dissolve in volatile thinners. The exact composition is known only to the manufacturer.

Omber natur(Onat) is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.

Umber is not one precise color，but a range of different colors，from medium to dark，from yellowish to reddish to grayish. The color of the natural earth depends upon the amount of iron oxide and manganese in the clay.

It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Oxide red(Ox) is a natural reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide.

The molecular formula is FeO.

It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Blue oxide(Oxbl) is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt oxide with Aluminum Oxide.

Chemically，cobalt blue pigment is cobalt oxide-aluminium oxide，or cobalt aluminate，CoAl₂O₄.

It is extremely stable and historically，has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics，jewelry，and paint.

Pourpre(P) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Pourpre' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Lead white(Pb) is the most commonly used white before modern times.

The molecular formula is 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂.

What is known today as the \"Dutch method\" for the preparation of white lead was described as early as Theophrastus of Eresos (ca. 300 BC)，in his brief work on rocks or minerals，On Stones or History of Stones. His directions for the process were repeated throughout history by many authors of chemical and alchemical literature. Lead curls are suspended in earthen vessels over sharp vinegar and buried in cow or horse dung. After some time，the curls will build up a white rust that can be scraped off，ground to a powder and used as a pigment.

Blue clair perm(Pcbl) is a phthalocyanine derivative.

Phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) is a large，aromatic，macrocyclic，organic compound with the formula (C₈H₄N₂)₄H₂.

Phthalocyanine was first synthesized in 1933.

Phtalo blue(Phbl) is a phthalocyanine derivative.

Phthalocyanine (H₂Pc) is a large，aromatic，macrocyclic，organic compound with the formula (C₈H₄N₂)₄H₂.

Phthalocyanine was first synthesized in 1933.

Plaster(Plast) is produced by heating gypsum.

The molecular formula is CaSO₄.

It is commonly used for plaster casting.

Prussian blue(Prbl) is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts.

It has the molecular formula FeIII₄[FeII(CN)₆]₃.

Prussian blue was the first modern synthetic pigment.

Wood glue(Pvab) is a rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C₄H₆O₂)_n. To this，chlorine derivates are added.



PVA's main chemical component，was discovered by the German Fritz Klatte in 1912.

Polyvinyl acetate(Pvag) is also known as wood glue.

It is a rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C₄H₆O₂)_n.

PVA's main chemical component，was discovered by the German Fritz Klatte in 1912.

Quicklime(Qlime) is a chemical compound known as calcium oxide，and is made through the thermal decomposition of limestone or other materials containing calcium carbonate in a lime kiln. The material is heated at high temperatures，and the remains are quicklime.

The molecular formula is CaO.

Rouge anglais(Rang) is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet，derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide.



The first recorded use of English red as a color name in English was in the 1700s.

Vert reselia(Regr)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'vert réselia' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Mars rouge(Reo) is a synthetically prepared red iron oxide pigment.

The molecular formula is Fe₂O₃.

By the 18th century，synthetic red iron oxide pigments were being made in a laboratory setting. Called Mars Red，these pigments were found to have all the properties，including durability and permanence，of their natural counterparts.

Retouching varnish(Ret) is an acrylic spray varnish.

It is used mainly as a provisional varnish and is based on a non-yellowing synthetic resin.

Rhine sand(Rin) is sand from the Rhine River.

It has a fine grain and is quite bright.

It is used in a concrete mixture along with cement and gravel.

Raw linseed oil(Rlin) is made from cold-pressed linseeds. It is very yellow in color and is therefore more suited for the kitchen than for the artisist workshop.

Rouge molybdene(Rmo) is an inorganic red pigment.

It contains lead molybdate，lead chromate and lead sulfate. It is brightly colored and has a full-color spectrum，with light and thermal stability，ranging from bright red-orange to red-yellow.

Molybdenum pigments are made since the 20th century.

Red shellac(Rshell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. The red variety has a much more outspoken color. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Rouge toluidine(Rtou) is a scarlet shade of moderate tinctorial strength and possesses high lightfastness and alkali resistance，but does not withstand exposure to solvents.

Toluidine is an aromatic compound of formula C₇H₉N and can be used to make dyes.

First noted use of toluidine is in 1856.

Sanguine(Sa) or red chalk is chalk of a reddish-brown color，so called because it resembles the color of dried blood.

The molecular formula is CaCO₃(with various impurities).

It has been popular for centuries for drawing .

Clear shellac(Shell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Burnt sienna(Sib) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. When heated，it becomes a reddish brown and is called burnt sienna.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Sienna pale(Sic) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state，it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Sienna nat(Sina) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state，it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Dried white cheese(Sir) is a natural source of casein.

The fatty components are removed by rinsing the cheese with hot water and then drying it on an absorbent surface.

It was used by woodworkers to create a glue by mixing it with lime.

Hide glue(Size) is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive.

Size is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide.

The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC.

Stand oil(Sta) is manufactured by heating Linseed Oil to approximately 300°C (570°F) in the absence of oxygen.

The Linseed Oil polymerises to create Stand Oil.

This is a commonly available product.

Stone wax(Ston) is natural bees wax mixed with several chemicals.

It is composed mainly by esters of fatty acids and various long chain alcohols and solvents such as turpentine.

This is a commonly available product.

Stamp ink red(Str) is an ink designed specifically for stamp cushions.

White sugar(Sug) is made either of beet sugar or cane sugar，which has undergone a refining process.

The molecular formula is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.

Sugar refineries date back to Arab Egypt in the 12th century.

Sulphur imitation(Sul)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Sulphur' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Terre cassel(Tca) is a natural brown pigment belonging to the family of carbon oxides.

It is composed of humic acid，usually containing iron salts. It is harvested in peat or lignite deposits.

Terre grise(Tgr) is a dark grey natural earth pigment.

It is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Titanium white(Tit) is the most brilliant white available to artists in the entire history of art.

The molecular formula is TiO₂.

The pigments natural ore is rutile (titanium dioxide) and manufacturing it as a pigment presented difficulties and it was not until 1921 that American and Norwegian companies began to develop its production for painting.

Terre oxide(Tox) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Transparent Oxide-Red Lake'.

color index: PR101.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Terra rossa(Tr) is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide.



It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Turpentine(Turp) is the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees，particularly those of the genus Pinus.

The molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₆.

It is mainly used as a solvent and has been produced since antiquity.

Terre verte(Tve) is an inorganic pigment derived from the minerals celadonite and glauconite.

The molecular formula is Its chemical formula is K[(Al，FeIII)，(FeII，Mg](AlSi₃，Si₄)O₁₀(OH)₂.

First used by the ancient Romans，green earth has been identified on wall paintings at Pompeii and Dura-Europos.

Ultramarin(Ultr) is a deep blue color pigment originally made from the mineral lapis lazuli. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

Before this time，the manufacture of ultramarine was a very laborious process. This process consisted of mixing the ground material with melted wax，resins，and oils，wrapping the resulting mass in a cloth，and then kneading it in a dilute lye solution.

It was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Ultra violet(Uv)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Ultra violet' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Vermillion imitation 1(V) is an organic pigment，in this case a mixture of 'studio red'，'hansa yellow' and 'blanc fixe' from Kremer.

Van dyck(Vdb) is made by combining asphaltum-like black with iron oxide.

The molecular formula would be something like Fe₂O₃(H₂O)+MnO₂(nH₂O).

In general，earth pigments，consisting of ground layers of the earth，have been manufactured since prehistoric times.

Rouge venetien(Venr) made like Indian red with pigment made from iron oxides，it is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet，derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide.



The first recorded use of Venetian red as a color was in 1753.

Van Gogh titanium white(Vgt) is a titanium white oil colour manufactured by the company Van Gogh.



Titanium white is the most commonly used white in oil colours today.

Vinegar(Vi) is comprised of acetic acid and water，and is an very clean，crisp liquid. Acetic acid is the result of a fermentation process.

The molecular formula is CH₃COOH.

Vermillion imitation 2(Ver)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Vermillion imitation' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

White clay(Wclay) is naturally occuring clay found in various regions. The exact composition and color can vary.

The molecular formula Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄.

It was one of the first pigments used by humans.

Cobalt green deep(Wcob) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Cobalt green deep'.

color index: PB36-PG26.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Green calligraphy ink(Wgi) made by Windsor&Newton.

This is a bright and strong clear ink that flows well and is designed specifically for brush work.

White calligraphy ink(Whit) made by Windsor&Newton.

The ink is very opaque and flows well but must be shaken before use because the elements contained are not in permanent suspension.

Vanadium clear(Wic) is the inorganic compound with the formula V₂O₅. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide，it is a yellow solid.

Vanadium is a medium-hard，steel-blue metal. Although a lesser-known metal，it is quite valuable in the manufacturing industry due to its malleable，ductile and corrosion-resistant qualities.

Vanadium pigments are failry recent and are sometimes used as an alternative to the more toxic cadmium yellows.

Vanadium lemon(Wil) is the inorganic compound with the formula V₂O₅. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide，it is a yellow solid.

Vanadium is a medium-hard，steel-blue metal. Although a lesser-known metal，it is quite valuable in the manufacturing industry due to its malleable，ductile and corrosion-resistant qualities.

Vanadium pigments are failry recent and are sometimes used as an alternative to the more toxic cadmium yellows.

White spirit(Wis) is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting.

It consists predominantly of saturated C₉to C₁₂hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140–200°C.

Cadmium lemon bright(Wlem) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Maimeriblu called 'cadmium yellow lemon light'.

Reference: PY85.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Winsor&newton low odour solvent(Wns) low odour solvent which evaporates slowly，increases blending time and is suitable for thinning oil colours and cleaning brushes. Suitable for oil & alkyd colour. Well suited to artists who prefer to avoid exposure to turpentine.

The exact chemical composition is only known to the manufacturer.

Sepia extra(Wsep) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Sepia extra'.

color index: PBR7-PBL9.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

White spirit odourless(Wso) is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting and that has been further refined to remove the more toxic aromatic compounds

The chemical composition varies depending on the production process.

Ultramarine W&N(Wultr) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Windsor&Newton called 'French ultramarine'.

Reference: 263.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Viridian W&N(Wvir) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Windsor&Newton called 'Viridian hue'.

Reference: 696.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

White vitriol(Wvit) or zinc sulphate is an inorganic compound and sometimes a dietary supplement.

The molecular formula is ZnSO₄.7H₂O.

It can be used as a drying component in oil paints，it has relatively many oxygen atoms present in its molecular structure.

Jaune de Mars(Yeo) is basically a synthetic form of yellow ochre.

The molecular formula must be some form or Fe_nO_n.

Mars yellow has been made since the early 1920s.

Jaune lion clair(Ylc)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Jaune lion clair' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Jaune lion fonce(Ylf)

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Jaune lion foncé' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Jaune naples fonce(Ynaf) is an inorganic pigment. The related mineral is bindheimite. However，this natural version was rarely，if ever，used as a pigment.

The molecular formula is Pb(SbO₃)₂of Pb(SbO₄)₂.

Zinc darkgreen(Zgrf) is obtained by doping cobalt(II) oxide into zinc oxide.

The structure and color of compositions Zn₁−_xCo_xO depends on the value of x.

Sven Rinman，a Swedish chemist，discovered this compound in 1780.

Zinc white(Zi) is a bright，white pigment composed of Zinc oxide. Zinc white is permanent，opaque，and nontoxic.

The molecular formula is ZnO.

Zinc white was accepted as a watercolor by 1834 but it was some years later before its difficulties in oil were overcome.

Zinc lightgreen(Zigrc) is obtained by doping cobalt(II) oxide into zinc oxide.

The structure and color of compositions Zn₁−_xCo_xO depends on the value of x.

Sven Rinman，a Swedish chemist，discovered this compound in 1780.