Dammar varnish(Dam) is a varnish made by dissolving dammar gum in turpentine.

Damar gum is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and East Asia.

It was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826.

Copal varnish(Cop) is a varnish produced by boiling ground copal stone in linseed oil at high temperatures.

Copal is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more viscous resins and Amber. Amber is fossil resin or tree sap that although not mineralized，it is sometimes considered a gemstone.

Copal varnish was first used in the late middle ages.

Turpentine(Turp) is the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees，particularly those of the genus Pinus.

The molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₆.

It is mainly used as a solvent and has been produced since antiquity.

Clear shellac(Shell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Ethanol(Eth) is ethyl alcohol，the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

The molecular formula is C₂H₅OH.

Mars noir(Feo) is an iron oxide pigment，with high lightfastness.

The molecular formula is Fe₃O₄.

It was developed in the 20th century.

Egg yolk(Egy) is yolk from a henn's egg. It can act as binder for pigments.

The characteristics of egg tempera are very unique. It requires a different technique than gouache or oil. 'Brush load' -meaning the amount of paint suspended in the brush when going from the recipient to the painting，is an important aspect of developing feel for the handling of tempera. It requires premeditated and accurate handling and is therefore less suited for expressive gesture. The finished look is incomparable to any other medium. The resulting paintwork is very brittle and must therefore be covered with some type of varnish for protection.

Egg yolk has been used as a binder since the earliest times.

Distilled water(H₂O) is useful whenever water must be added to any mixture，it is much cleaner and makes for a smoother mixture than tap water or drinking water.

Vinegar(Vi) is comprised of acetic acid and water，and is an very clean，crisp liquid. Acetic acid is the result of a fermentation process.

The molecular formula is CH₃COOH.

Scheveningen blue deep(Dbl) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Scheveningen blue deep'.

color index: PB15.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Ultramarin(Ultr) is a deep blue color pigment originally made from the mineral lapis lazuli. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

Before this time，the manufacture of ultramarine was a very laborious process. This process consisted of mixing the ground material with melted wax，resins，and oils，wrapping the resulting mass in a cloth，and then kneading it in a dilute lye solution.

It was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Brick(Br) is a pigment made of ground bricks.

Bricks are basically baked clay containing silica，alumina，lime，iron oxide and magnesia.

Baked earths have been used forever.

Caput mortuum(Cam) also known as cardinal purple，is the name given to a purple variety of haematite iron oxide pigment.



The name for this pigment may have come from the alchemical usage，since iron oxide (rust) is the useless residue (caput mortuum) of oxidization. It was originally a byproduct of sulfuric acid manufacture during the 17th and 18th centuries，and was possibly an early form of the copperas process used for the manufacture of Venetian red and copperas red.

Rouge anglais(Rang) is a light and warm (somewhat unsaturated) pigment that is a darker shade of scarlet，derived from nearly pure ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) of the hematite type. Modern versions are frequently made with synthetic red iron oxide.



The first recorded use of English red as a color name in English was in the 1700s.

Kalk rood(Chr) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'chaux rouge' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Titanium white(Tit) is the most brilliant white available to artists in the entire history of art.

The molecular formula is TiO₂.

The pigments natural ore is rutile (titanium dioxide) and manufacturing it as a pigment presented difficulties and it was not until 1921 that American and Norwegian companies began to develop its production for painting.

Vermillion imitation 1(V) is an organic pigment，in this case a mixture of 'studio red'，'hansa yellow' and 'blanc fixe' from Kremer.

Cadmium Lemon(Lem) is the inorganic pigment that is a sulfide of the metal cadmium.

The molecular formula is CdS.

The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists.

Vert lion(Grl) is a pigment of wich the composition is known only to the manufacturer.

I have no further information on this pigment except that I bought it under the name 'Vert le lion' at Le Lion Bruxelles.

Ocre brun(Ocb) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

The molecular formula is FeO(OH).

It has been in use since the earliest time.

Green deep(Dgr) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Permanent green deep'.

color index: PW4-PY3-PB29-PG7.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Bister(Bis) is a pigment made from the soot and tar of burnt wood or shellac or the ground bark of walnuts and gum arabic. Bister comes from French from the word 'bistre' which stands for brown，hazelnut，dark brown or chocolate brown.



The disadvantage is the non-lightfastness of this material，which easily dissolves in water. The more water used，the lighter the drawing. Drawings made in bister gradually disappear when exposed to sunlight.

Terre oxide(Tox) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Transparent Oxide-Red Lake'.

color index: PR101.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Cadmium lemon bright(Wlem) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Maimeriblu called 'cadmium yellow lemon light'.

Reference: PY85.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Champaign chalk(Cham) is a soft，white，porous，sedimentary carbonate rock，a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It has a slightly yellowish tint，hence the name.

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Hide glue(Size) is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive.

Size is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide.

The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC.