Dammar varnish(Dam) is a varnish made by dissolving dammar gum in turpentine.

Damar gum is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and East Asia.

It was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826.

Copal varnish(Cop) is a varnish produced by boiling ground copal stone in linseed oil at high temperatures.

Copal is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more viscous resins and Amber. Amber is fossil resin or tree sap that although not mineralized，it is sometimes considered a gemstone.

Copal varnish was first used in the late middle ages.

Turpentine(Turp) is the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees，particularly those of the genus Pinus.

The molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₆.

It is mainly used as a solvent and has been produced since antiquity.

Clear shellac(Shell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Ethanol(Eth) is ethyl alcohol，the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

The molecular formula is C₂H₅OH.

Mars noir(Feo) is an iron oxide pigment，with high lightfastness.

The molecular formula is Fe₃O₄.

It was developed in the 20th century.

Egg yolk(Egy) is yolk from a henn's egg. It can act as binder for pigments.

The characteristics of egg tempera are very unique. It requires a different technique than gouache or oil. 'Brush load' -meaning the amount of paint suspended in the brush when going from the recipient to the painting，is an important aspect of developing feel for the handling of tempera. It requires premeditated and accurate handling and is therefore less suited for expressive gesture. The finished look is incomparable to any other medium. The resulting paintwork is very brittle and must therefore be covered with some type of varnish for protection.

Egg yolk has been used as a binder since the earliest times.

Distilled water(H₂O) is useful whenever water must be added to any mixture，it is much cleaner and makes for a smoother mixture than tap water or drinking water.

Vinegar(Vi) is comprised of acetic acid and water，and is an very clean，crisp liquid. Acetic acid is the result of a fermentation process.

The molecular formula is CH₃COOH.

Scheveningen blue deep(Dbl) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Scheveningen blue deep'.

color index: PB15.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Ultramarine W&N(Wultr) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Windsor&Newton called 'French ultramarine'.

Reference: 263.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Brick(Br) is a pigment made of ground bricks.

Bricks are basically baked clay containing silica，alumina，lime，iron oxide and magnesia.

Baked earths have been used forever.

Cerulean blue(Cero) is an aquarel paint tube manufactured by Old Holland called 'Cerulean Blue'.

Contains oxides of cobalt and tin. color index: PB35.

It is possible to mix aquarel paints with tempera but this is not a great idea. This can create stability problems and problems in the varnishing stage as some compounds in the tube seem to act as retardants for oil varnish.

Titanium white(Tit) is the most brilliant white available to artists in the entire history of art.

The molecular formula is TiO₂.

The pigments natural ore is rutile (titanium dioxide) and manufacturing it as a pigment presented difficulties and it was not until 1921 that American and Norwegian companies began to develop its production for painting.

Carbon(Carb) is powdered charcoal.

Mostly it is made from young vines baked in the absence of air.

Charcoal has been used forever.

Zinc white(Zi) is a bright，white pigment composed of Zinc oxide. Zinc white is permanent，opaque，and nontoxic.

The molecular formula is ZnO.

Zinc white was accepted as a watercolor by 1834 but it was some years later before its difficulties in oil were overcome.

Bister(Bis) is a pigment made from the soot and tar of burnt wood or shellac or the ground bark of walnuts and gum arabic. Bister comes from French from the word 'bistre' which stands for brown，hazelnut，dark brown or chocolate brown.



The disadvantage is the non-lightfastness of this material，which easily dissolves in water. The more water used，the lighter the drawing. Drawings made in bister gradually disappear when exposed to sunlight.

Burnt umber (lefebvre)(Bu) is a brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide.

It is made by heating raw umber，which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite.

The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650.

Champaign chalk(Cham) is a soft，white，porous，sedimentary carbonate rock，a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It has a slightly yellowish tint，hence the name.

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Hide glue(Size) is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive.

Size is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide.

The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC.