Copal varnish(Cop) is a varnish produced by boiling ground copal stone in linseed oil at high temperatures.

Copal is a resinous substance in an intermediate stage of polymerization and hardening between more viscous resins and Amber. Amber is fossil resin or tree sap that although not mineralized，it is sometimes considered a gemstone.

Copal varnish was first used in the late middle ages.

Turpentine(Turp) is the resinous exudate or extract obtained from coniferous trees，particularly those of the genus Pinus.

The molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₆.

It is mainly used as a solvent and has been produced since antiquity.

Clear shellac(Shell) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac，which is used as a brush-on colorant.

Shellac is a natural bioadhesive polymer and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers，and thus can be considered a natural form of plastic.

The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3000 years，but shellac is known to have been used even earlier.

Ethanol(Eth) is ethyl alcohol，the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

The molecular formula is C₂H₅OH.

Bister(Bis) is a pigment made from the soot and tar of burnt wood or shellac or the ground bark of walnuts and gum arabic. Bister comes from French from the word 'bistre' which stands for brown，hazelnut，dark brown or chocolate brown.



The disadvantage is the non-lightfastness of this material，which easily dissolves in water. The more water used，the lighter the drawing. Drawings made in bister gradually disappear when exposed to sunlight.

Distilled water(H₂O) is useful whenever water must be added to any mixture，it is much cleaner and makes for a smoother mixture than tap water or drinking water.

Fish glue (flakes)(Fish) is a traditional woodworking glue with a strong bond that dries crystal-hard.

It is made from fish blatters.

It was widely used by carpenters and bookbinders in the past.

Marble dust(Marb) is powder from metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals，most commonly calcite or dolomite

The molecular formula is CaCO₃.

Hide glue(Size) is an organic colloid of protein derivation used as an adhesive.

Size is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal hide.

The first known written procedures of making animal glue were written about 2000 BC.

Plaster(Plast) is produced by heating gypsum.

The molecular formula is CaSO₄.

It is commonly used for plaster casting.